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In the algorithm, empirical probabilities of the occurrence of any string s, (tilde {P}(s)), and the occurrence of a particular observation σ given the observation history sequence, (tilde {P}(sigma |s)), were used to create the hypothesis.
Thus, the full description of the provenance of a particular observation can include the OEM description of the sensor model, the description of the particular configured sensor Instance, the list of QA/QC tests that have been applied along with their configuration, and the explicit chain of processes applied to obtain the collected observations.
The recurrence score is similar to vote-counting meta-analysis methods that count the number of occurrences of a particular observation in a set of independent tests.
In practice, population sizes used in the studies limits how many associations may be tested for a single gene, since multi-testing considerations reduce the statistical significance of a particular observation.
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Moreover, the reader is reminded that classification using Bayesian methods occurs by identifying the class which has the greater possibility of having generated a particular observation.
GO term overrepresentation is measured by a z score (also known as standard or normal score) representing the number of standard deviations (SDs) a particular observation (i.e., number of genes) is above or below the mean (Dudoit et al. 2004).
The symbol used on the map for each of these étages at a particular observation time is for the genus, species, variety, mutation, or cloud motion that is considered most important according to criteria set out by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
The residual variance of a particular deregressed observation is but and so the residual variance expression simplifies to.
On this deductive-nomological account (Hempel and Oppenheim 1948), an explanation of particular observation statements was analyzed as subsumption under universal (applying throughout the universe), general (exceptionless), necessary (not contingent) laws of nature plus the initial conditions of the particular case.
This is the first I have heard of this particular observation.
Because, as a rule, I have adopted the principle of never citing a paper that I have not read, numerous times during the writing of this essay, I have found myself unable to decide what specific paper to cite as the appropriate original source of a particular concept or observation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com