It was the ocular findings (vertical gaze paresis, doll's eye movements and retinitis pigmentosa) which led to the suspicion of the diagnosis [ 9, 11].
Video-oculography images of the right and left eye (upper) and corresponding ocular alignment represented as gaze vector difference (lower plot, right eye gaze vector – left eye gaze vector) for a short image sequence.
Richardson, I noted, calls that unblinking gaze "an ocular rape".
Many normal individuals show ocular oscillations on eccentric gaze.
Ocular pointing (or deictic gaze, at 6 9 months) and later index finger pointing (deictic gesture, at 9 11 months) are key stages in cognitive development that are correlated with stages in speech development.
Other ophthalmic alterations include bilateral decreased visual acuity, diplopia, palsy of both lateral recti or other ocular muscles and conjugate-gaze palsies resulting from lesions of the pontine tegmentum and of the abducens and oculomotor nuclei, torpid reaction of the pupils to light, retinal hemorrhage, papilledema, anisocoria, and ptosis [ 7, 10, 48, 49].
Gaze control is provided by two systems: gaze orientation by ocular saccades and gaze stabilization by reflexes and voluntary movements of vestibular and visual origins (Waespe and Henn 1987).
Because of its position, misalignment of the mandible can also cause the position of the pupillary line to be momentarily altered, provoking the intervention of ocular muscles to keep the gaze straight.
As the image motion was world-referenced, head motion elicited compensatory eye movements from the vestibular-ocular reflex to maintain the gaze on the display.
In one, the monkeys were required to fixate a stationary spot in space during whole-body rotation by a perfect vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) so that gaze remained stationary in space (VOR ×1, Fig. 1 C ).
