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During El Niño events, hot water is transported from the deep ocean layers to the surface.
Migration patterns in the upper and the lower ocean layers displayed significant differences.
This has caused more heat from the surface to be mixed down into deeper ocean layers, while bringing cooler waters to the surface.
The new study published by Matthew England's team helps explain how and why more heat is being funneled into the deeper ocean layers.
Consistent with model simulations led by NOAA's Gerald Meehl, Watanabe finds that we sometimes expect "hiatus decades" to occur, when surface air temperatures don't warm because more heat is transferred to the deep ocean layers.
This paper said that if concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and shallow ocean layers rise as projected over the century, "the delicate balance of marine planktonic species could undergo significant shifts" with unknown repercussions.
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density current: descent to an ocean layer of equal densityDiagram showing the behaviour of a density current as it descends to a layer of water whose density equals that of the current.
Subgrid-scale parameterizations have hence been developed to mimic the effects of small-scale convection using a vertical distribution of the salt rejected by sea ice within the mixed layer, instead of releasing it in the top ocean layer.
The modified Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM), which originally had a 3 km deep ocean layer, was adopted by replacing the ocean layer with the crust layer.
We added an ocean layer with 1-km thickness to model water reverberations in teleseismic waveforms.
Note that, as seen in Fig. 6, the ocean layer rises above and covers the land in an unphysical way.
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