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We also calculated the ocean heating by using 40 state-of-the-art climate models.
On the other hand, the models were not able to predict shorter-term fluctuations in ocean heating contained within the observed time period.
James E. Hansen, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said that global temperatures varied because of changes in ocean heating and cooling cycles.
First, we presented a new estimate of ocean heating throughout its full depth (most studies only consider the top portion of the ocean).
Dr. Trenberth has been quite active in ocean heating studies, most recently publishing an important paper which calculated significant rates of heating in the ocean.
How well ocean heating can be assessed by observations and can be simulated by climate models are a cornerstone of climate studies.
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This comes on the heels of last year's record and recent record ocean heat content.
And the pause is only addressed with handwaving arguments and vague allusions to ocean heat.
When we combine surface temperatures with ocean heat content, as seen below, a clear picture emerges.
That's how we know that ocean heat content is changing.
The RILES we found were due in part to ocean heat flux pulses on the Atlantic side.
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