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In summary, the use of light energy for ATP formation occurs indirectly: a proton gradient and electrical charge built up in or across the lamellae as a consequence of electron flow in the light reactions provide the energy to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
Bioaccumulation of pollutants usually occurs indirectly through contaminated water and food rather than breathing the contaminated air directly.
This study demonstrates that the HMR1098-induced cardioccursctindirectly indirecthroughough extracellular calcium influx, respiratory chain complex inhibition, reactive oxygen species production and mitoKATP opening.
The involvement of mast cell degranulation during CNI in response to capsaicin is a related process that occurs indirectly via the release of peptide transmitters from sensory neurons (Bunker et al., 1991; Frydas et al., 2013).
We recently reported that TRPA1 is activated by intracellular Ca2+ and that cold sensitivity occurs indirectly through an increased Ca2+ concentration in HEK293 cells [19].
Recent animal model experiments have demonstrated that the reduction in graft rejection through donor T cell infusion occurs "indirectly" through modulation of host T cells [9], [10].
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This effect may occur indirectly as a result of increased biomass of periphyton and augmented populations of aquatic snails, which are the trematode's primary larval host.
These routes of entry may be of particular importance in regard to children because contact can occur indirectly by hand-to-mouth transfer or directly if an infant sucks on the product.
And exposure may occur indirectly -- at the dinner table, for example.
But this figure often does not cover the thousands of deaths that have occurred indirectly due to the war.
However, RFC complex recruitment of Ctf7p might instead occur indirectly, given that Ctf7p also binds PCNA [24].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com