Although the expectancy manipulation reduced patients' reported expectations for the development of nausea, the occurrence of nausea was not reduced.
Explanations for these findings include the possibility that the expectancy manipulation was not strong enough, and the possibility that changing nausea expectancies does not change occurrence of nausea.
The origin of nausea is not well understood although functional connections between trigeminal neurons and the nucleus tractus solitarius may explain occurrence of nausea with pain.
Nausea is often associated with the pain in migraine and in this regard, connections between trigeminal neurons and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are thought to explain the occurrence of nausea with headache [2].
An evaluation of the total amount of working hours lost due to migraine attacks and the rate of occurrence of nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, and osmophobia 2, 4, 24, and 48 h after drug intake, were also assessed.
Treatment time with nivolumab is short because it does not require premedication to prevent the occurrence of nausea, and outpatient treatment is available, as no serious cytopenia occurs after treatment.
There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the occurrence of nausea, vomiting or pruritus, except that the patients in buprenorphine group reported dizziness more frequently (P <0.05) (Table 3).
Fig. 4 Frequency of occurrence of nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, and osmophobia 2, 4, 24, and 48 h after administration of frovatriptan (open bars) or rizatriptan (striped bars) in the 125 patients of the intention-to-treat population.
The variable occurrence of nausea, and of phonophobia in conjunction with photophobia may be an important factor in clinical studies where attacks are diagnosed based on these clinical features.
The questionnaire was composed by different sections, in which we asked for biographic data, duration of headache history, frequency of headache, duration, location, quality and intensity of headache, the influence of physical activity, the occurrence of nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, and the occurrence of other neurological symptoms.
