Sentence examples for occurrence of bottlenecks from inspiring English sources

With respect to non-African populations, we tested for the occurrence of bottlenecks of varying intensities (βOoA, being the ratio between the population sizes before and after the bottleneck event), including the constant size model (βOoA = 1) (Figure 3C).

Generally, the extent of LD is related to the mating system of the species, the breeding history of the species (e. g. the occurrence of bottlenecks) and the genetic diversity of the different germplasms [ 84].

Although the lack of correlation between the "age" of the genes in the primate lineage and the numbers of SNPs is not unexpected taking into account the occurrence of "bottlenecks" giving rise to founder effects during the evolution of the human population, what remains surprising is the important variability of the number and "severity" of SNPs among the env genes.

While population expansion was rejected by Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test statistics in most population and regional samples, the high raggedness index estimated for individual populations suggests the occurrence of bottleneck events [ 78].

These data sets were then used to evaluate the performances of two recently developed population genetics methods, BayesAss+, that estimates recent migration rates among populations, and Bottleneck, that detects the occurrence of recent bottlenecks.

We used our C. remanei generated data sets to evaluate the performances of two recently developed population genetics methods, implemented in the programs BayessAss+ [7], that estimates recent migration rates among populations, and Bottleneck [20], that detects the occurrence of recent bottlenecks.

The populations were tested for the occurrence of genetic bottlenecks using both M RATIO [ 63] and BOTTLENECK 1.2.02 [ 55, 64].

The first one is the occurrence of population bottlenecks, a circumstance that reduces the genetic diversity, leading to the fixation of mutations independently of their selective value [ 2, 36- 38].

Low effective population sizes and the occurrence of frequent bottlenecks in which bacteria are acquired by the offspring of their insect hosts every generation are prominent factors (Moran and Baumann 2000; Wernergreen 2002; Moran et al. 2008).

Second, virus population size naturally tends to fluctuate, sometimes by several orders of magnitude [ 19- 21]; e.g., virus population size will necessarily vary due to changing availability of susceptible host individuals, occurrence of transmission bottlenecks when initiating a new infection, and immunity-related fluctuations in within-host viral load.

However, high levels of inbreeding accompanied by very low levels of genetic variability suggested the occurrence of a bottleneck event in the past.