It would be interesting to further investigate whether this "functional switch" occurred in duplicated RNase4 genes, which would require studying the physiological functions of the RNase4 genes in the little brown bat and other related bat species.
While single reads can occur in duplicate by chance if coverage is high enough, duplication is bound to be an artefact for identical read pairs which are very unlikely to occur by chance (as they follow a length distribution).
Two genes in such pairs tend to co-occur in duplicate lists of genes with higher K values, and they themselves have higher duplicability (K) values.
One of the simplest models is Oka's (1953 , 1957 1974) speciation model by lethal mutations occurring in duplicate genes.
HRE half-sites typically occur in duplicate and can be arranged as palindromic, direct, inverted or everted repeats [ 97].
This assignment is implemented in an automated script, thus preventing that one protein from the same organism may occur in duplicate within the database and avoiding redundancy even if it may occur in GenBank.
With the exception of OsMADS32 and TM8, soybean genes are found in all clades, and the number of soybean sequences within each clade varies from one (AGL15 and AGL17) to nine (SQUA1), with most genes occurring in duplicate.
Although the reasons for this discrepancy are uncertain, examination of the rearranged SNP loci suggests that several occur in duplicated sequences or within, or adjacent to, transposable elements.
However, these correlations are not observed for substitutions occurring in duplicated genes, indicating a different selective constraint on the evolution of paralogous sequences.
We demonstrated that paralogs tend to evolve faster than their singleton orthologs, that this effect is largely independent of the duplication age, and that not only are there more substitutions per site occurring in duplicated genes than in singletons but that these substitutions are also more radical.
