Human biomonitoring can be situated in a tradition of occupational medicine that developed under the conditions of industrial hygiene as an applied science.
Although these countries have a strong tradition in occupational health research, with the possible exception of Spain, their epidemiologic research dates back only to the 1970s and 1980s; in recent years, however, research on occupational cancer has expanded considerably.
When a bus crashed in the Bronx a week ago, killing 15 passengers in grisly fashion, a window was opened not only on an industry that few Americans knew about, the Chinese bus business, but also on an American immigrant tradition: the ethnic occupational niche.
Different cultural, religious, and legal traditions reinforced the very diverse occupational and manufacturing structure that industrialization brought with it.
New scientific societies were founded, based on traditions of public hygiene and occupational medicine, as a reaction to environmental issues concerning human health.
This part of England was once one of the country's most important industrial regions, with coal and shipbuilding the mainstays of the local economy and the source of proud traditions, despite a sketchy record in occupational health and safety.
Traditions of national level research into occupational health and safety in general and specifically in relation to psychosocial risks and their management, national discourses on health and safety definitions and priorities socially and politically, and the practical application of research knowledge to workplace practice are also important determinants of action in this area [ 42].
As with agricultural production techniques, these forms of local occupational knowledge are transmitted from one generation through oral traditions.
The choice of indicator does not only reflect an academic tradition where, for example, British researchers tend to focus on occupational groups and American researchers on education to measure socioeconomic status (Christenson and Johnson 1995; Davey Smith et al. 1998).
There is a long tradition of research into the causes of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in occupational medicine.
