Using the Social Security records and controlling for job tenure, occupational industry and other covariates, the results confirm that permanent workers subject to collective dismissals suffer higher and more permanent wage cuts than those with temporary contracts.
Model 3 added work-related factors such as occupational group, job tenure, number of working hours per week, and work status.
When exposure data are not available for study subjects in an occupational cohort, employment tenure or job duration can serve as a surrogate for cumulative exposure to occupational hazards with the assumption of a uniform exposure intensity, which does not change over time or across study participants [ 31].
Such changes are fairly predictable, the occupational hazards (with tests, tenure battles, and committee work) of the academic professions.
We study the link between mortgage debt and entrepreneurship using a model of occupational choice and housing tenure in a setting where loans are recourse like in the UK and several US states.
The socio-economic indicators we use are based on information on educational qualifications, occupational social class (men only), housing tenure, and household access to a car, all of which have been used extensively in British research on health differentials [ 44].
We constructed a questionnaire covering socio-demographic factors (including marital and occupational status, education, financial hardship, household tenure, building construction and basic facilities including water and toilet), and another questionnaire to assess disruption specifically due to the Tsunami of 26 December 2004, and due to the civil war.
The following range of potential individual-level SES variables used in previous UK studies were examined: (1) educational level; (2) occupational-based social class; (3) housing tenure; (4) car ownership; (5) crowding index; (6) household-based measures (e.g. private garden/yard); and (7) self-reported financial difficulties measured either during pregnancy or at 33 months of age.
SES measures were grouped as follows: parental education level, income, occupational class, area-based SES measures, poverty, housing tenure, workless household, composite SES measures, miscellaneous measures (table 2).
Covariates comprised sex, age, childhood economic difficulties, occupational class, baseline and follow-up income, housing tenure, smoking, heavy drinking, obesity and physical and mental functioning at baseline.
