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The degree of occupational inequality increased in both sexes.
Then, to explore the temporal change of occupational inequality, we ran a three-level multilevel model including a fixed cross-level interaction effect between the 11 occupations (at level 1) and year (at level 2).
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Table 3 shows OR and PR that measure relative levels of occupational inequalities in smoking between 1999 and 2006.
The widening social inequalities can be more clearly seen in figures 1 and 2, which show the temporal pattern of these occupational inequalities across years.
Our findings add to the previous literature by suggesting that occupational inequalities in oral health can be substantially explained by work-based factors such as social support in the workplace, job stress, working hours and type of employment (precarious vs permanent).
In a Swedish study, clear occupational class inequalities in self-reported circulatory problems and "aches and pains", as well as measured lung function, were reported in people aged 77 98 years [ 18].
Indeed, greater attention to the theoretical as well as empirical aspects of measurement of socioeconomic position will likely enhance the rigour of research on occupational health inequalities, which would increase the possibility for meaningfully comparing results across studies.
Further, to examine the temporal patterns of occupational and geographic inequality of mortality across years, we also conducted two-level analysis, with cells at level 1 and prefectures at level 2 separately for each year.
We examined two additional issues to further explore the occupational and geographic inequalities in premature mortality: (1) the patterns of geographic inequalities in mortality by occupations and (2) the presence of contextual effects of prefecture-level socioeconomic status on mortality risk (supplementary text, supplementary figures 4 and 5, supplementary tables 8 10).
13 In this study, by using occupations as an indicator of socioeconomic position, 14 we examine the trends in occupational and geographic inequalities of all-cause premature adult mortality from 1970 through 2005.
Hormones and factors associated with occupational and social inequalities have been invoked as tentative explanations.
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