In particular, job insecurity and working in the occupation trained for retain their significance.
Most apprenticeships take three to four years to complete and are awarded with a federal certificate of vocational education and training that qualifies one for taking up work in the occupation trained in.
However, they are not more likely to be unemployed; differences in terms of job insecurity and working in the occupation trained for are not significant either at conventional levels.
Results on other control variables are very similar to those reported in Table 3, in particular working in the occupation trained for is still significant (if included job insecurity has a similar significant negative effect as before).
Looking at the first question, we found that while in terms of raw means immigrants seem less satisfied than natives, this difference can be accounted for entirely in terms of observable characteristics, in particular details of employment conditions such as whether working in the occupation trained for or the degree of job insecurity.
Note that job insecurity (as well as working in the occupation trained for in columns 3 and 4) had significant effects in both the pooled OLS and the fixed effects specifications, thus even once we look at the cleaner measure, removing the effects of unobserved individual heterogeneity.
Occupation (train engineers vs. sedentary factory work) or the duration of exposure to whole-body vibration was of borderline significance for type II Modic changes located at L5-S1.
Occupation (train engineers vs. factory workers), duration of exposure to whole-body vibration (years), body fat percentage or alcohol consumption were not significantly associated with Modic type II changes.
For most of these occupations, training (sometimes years of it) is necessary.
