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These last variables (e.g., occupation and education) are a measure of human capital and are constructed using flexible education17 and occupation specifications.
In fact, estimates lie in the range 0.401 to 0.407 when the number of occupation categories is changed from 6 to 4, which indicates that the estimates are robust to occupation specifications.
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As a partial test of this hypothesis, we control for both region of birth and occupation in the last specifications of the model in Tables 9 and 10.
As in the OLS estimates, we consider two specifications: controlling for occupation and controlling for occupation and union status.
The results are presented in Table 10 where all specifications control for occupation and industry, the results without these controls are very similar and do not change any of the conclusions.
Note that occupation is already added in specification III for Natives.
Having variables for migrants' occupations before migration in the specifications (not shown here), migrants who have Mexican jobs in manufacturing and service sectors stay longer than migrants who are unemployed or have jobs in sales or transportation sectors in Mexico.
To better understand the labor market wage adjustments of African-Americans in the context of strong occupational segregation, we consider an alternative specification of the relationship between occupation concentration and wages of African-Americans.
We also estimate a specification that includes industry and occupation fixed effects for employed individuals.
In large cities there is no earnings gain for acculturation.16 The specifications in Table 11 control for occupation and industry, the results without these controls are very similar and do not change any of the conclusions.
14 29 To scale these two reflective latent variables, one indicator's path parameter for each construct was fixed at 1. Conversely, to scale reflective and formative SES measurement specifications, the path parameter of the father's occupation was restricted to one for childhood SES and own occupation for adult SES.
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