On each occasion, subjects consumed 5 ml/kg according to their body weight (kg) immediately before and 2 ml/kg every 15 min during exercise.
On another occasion, subjects were overfed by 30% above eucaloric needs (overfeeding) for 2 days.
During each occasion, subjects were admitted to a clinical research center on the afternoon of the first study day.
On the other test occasion, subjects consumed a combination of lactose and whey dissolved in water in place of the ham at breakfast and lunch.
On a separate occasion, subjects performed an exhaustive incremental cycling test (Lode Excalibur Sport, Groningen, the Netherlands) to determine maximal power output (Wmax) and maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2peak) using an online gas analysis system (SensorMedics, Bilthoven, the Netherlands).
On each occasion, subjects were admitted at 1730 h on day 1 and stayed until 0800 h on day 3. On arrival, the subject's insulin pump was replaced with a study pump (Animas 2020; Johnson & Johnson, Lititz, PA) connected to the existing infusion site and infusing the rapid-acting insulin analog aspart (Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark).
On two separate occasions, subjects received either a placebo or an amino acid mixture designed to deplete plasma tryptophan, followed by 18FDG-PET scanning.
In a crossover design, on 4 different occasions subjects were served a meal consisting of 7 foods that differed in energy density (ED).
(On a few occasions, subjects were scanned on two conditions in a single day because of their limited availability. In these instances, the runs were separated by the eighteen-minute acquisition of a high-resolution SPGR, allowing the subject to rest).
On two of these occasions, subjects exercised to expend 350 kcal in the afternoon.
