Population genetic and evolutionary models suggest that effective population sizes need to be in the thousands to obviate the effects of random genetic drift on genetic variation and thereby maintain adequate adaptive potential and evolvability under different types of selection (Lande 1995; Willi et al. 2006).
Unfortunately, as more dams were built along some rivers, the success of fish ladders and other technologies designed to obviate the effects of dams proved difficult to sustain, and migrating fish began to experience dramatic population declines on several rivers.
They even played out different scenarios of disrupted channels and proposed a string of mitigation strategies to obviate the effects of further risk.
Exposure of the cortical neurons to the ubiquitous PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA 100 nM) selectively reduced NRXN3α E11 splicing under the basal conditions and obviated the effects of depolarization on the splicing of this exon (Figure 4 panel C1).
Randomly permuted sequences of stimuli were calculated for each combination of different values of the mean offset, amplitude and frequency of the sinusoidal input (Fig. 1C, stimulus), either as injected positive current or excitatory conductance, in order to obviate the effects of any progressive adaptation to monotonic changes of any single parameter.
No comparable studies have been performed in humans, which would necessitate measurements of M-Carn in freeze-dried muscle biopsies to obviate the effects of exercise induced hyperaemia and changes in muscle water content.
The manufacturers indicate that the upper curve was used to provide saturation readings consistent with the tendency of manufacturers at the time that the oximeter was originally produced to adjust saturations in the 90s upwards a little to obviate the effects of low levels of circulating variant haemoglobins.
The desired reactants were then combined to a final concentration of 100 nM or 10 nM of each reactant except A1, for which 0.9 equiv was used instead in order to obviate the effects of inaccuracies in stoichiometry and assist in calculation of the yield.
In the present study, as indicated in Methods, all MM or mm genotypes arising from Mm genotypes must be 100%% for them to be called as LOHs in order to minimize or obviate the effects of varied percentages of tumor cells in a tumor sample.
The OMPG concept has been modelled and shown to obviate the effects of small population size (build up of deleterious alleles/genetic load and inbreeding depression, but see Mills and Allendorf 1996; Vucetich and Waite 2000), without swamping any adaptive alleles that are unique to the recipient population (Hedrick 1995).
