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While the monkey was maintaining heading, we would randomly displace the target to a new direction, forcing the monkey to make rapid steering movements to continue obtaining reward.
The present study shows that, when a gamble is about obtaining reward or not, behavioral relevance of the absence of an outcome is a stronger driver of electrocortical activity than the sole absence of the expected reward.
Obtaining reward thus depended on a combination of chance and average block performance.
If this were the case, then both the R cue and P cue could be viewed as more 'rewarding' than the N cue given the pleasurable possibilities of obtaining reward and avoiding punishment, respectively.
Additionally, in a congenital learned helpless rat strain performing the same task, a shift in responding away from obtaining reward and towards increased avoidance of punishment was observed (Enkel et al., 2010).
To address this, other groups have sought to modify this original methodology from a go/no-go task to a go/go task where an active response to obtaining reward and avoiding punishment are initially trained.
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Gestures whose purpose lies in obtaining rewards from a human would seem ill-suited to inducing such a social motivation to be like others.
This process prevented the participants from relying on a strategy of obtaining rewards and avoiding punishments by pressing only the "old" buttons.
This indicates learning to obtain reward or to avoid punishment.
Reinforcement learning models make use of reward prediction errors (RPEs), the difference between an expected and obtained reward.
The group trained to dig in the presence of a specific odor to obtain reward showed sustained increase in ripple activity after the learning session, lasting at least one hour.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com