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Because cognitive abilities are important to facilitate behaviors such as finding food, avoiding predation, and obtaining a mate, individuals with increased cognitive abilities are likely to have higher reproductive success in the wild [ 14].
Furthermore, the energetic costs associated with sperm production (Olsson et al. 1997) are expected to trade off with other aspects of reproduction such as obtaining a mate or investing in future reproductive events (Liljedal et al. 1999; Fitzpatrick et al. 2012; Parker et al. 2013).
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The protocol used non-virgin 'generator females', taken from the stock population, in three consecutive rounds of mating trails to sort stock males into two groups: 'studs', those which were successful at obtaining a mating during each of the three rounds, and 'duds', those which were unsuccessful at securing a mating during each of the three rounds (Fig. 5).
Reproduction may affect molting, because (1) low-quality birds are likely to obtain a mate and breed later in the season (e.g. [15] [18]) and/or (2) a resource-based trade-off may operate between reproduction and molt [19] [21].
In a Danish population males with larger badges obtained a mate earlier during the breeding season than males with smaller badges.
Males that obtained a mate that initiated breeding earlier had higher annual productivity, because breeding early increased the probability of producing at least one fledgling over the course of the breeding season.
By turning around the roulette wheel n times (n being the population size) and selecting, each time, the string selected by the roulette wheel, we obtain a mating pool of size n.
Diploid males in C. glomerata were larger in size than haploid males, initiated courtship display sooner and tended to require less time to obtain a mating.
Fisher's (1930) insight was that the rarer sex obtains a mating advantage, and so mothers should over-produce this sex, all other things being equal.
In rounds two and three of the mating trials, previously successful males that failed to mate, and previously unsuccessful males that obtained a mating, were discarded such that only repeatedly successful (stud) or repeatedly unsuccessful (dud) males were retained.
The latter were excluded from comparative analysis; hence only males from the WG group that obtained a mating with a worthless gift were included in comparative analysis across treatment groups.
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