Scalar entropy is a quantitative measure of a signal's statistical dispersion (Shannon, 1951) and is estimated according to: S 1 = - ∑ n ∈ N p (n ) log 2 p (n ) where S1. is the scalar entropy and p(n) is the probability of observing occurrence n out of N total occurrences.
We mainly focussed on predictions that assume a single base composition that we estimated numerically by checking every possible base composition (with granularity 0.001) as to its ability to minimize the sum of the absolute values of the differences between predicted and observed occurrences.
Most frequently, we obtained 2 3 cell clones, but we observed occurrences of single-cell clones and large clones that encompassed the entire glomerulus.
This is a significant flux considering the source age and observed occurrence of much of the source mass within discrete lenses/pools.
On this basis we calculate the elastic line energy of metadislocations and demonstrate that the experimentally observed occurrence of Fibonacci relations between the members of a metadislocation series is due to energy minimization.
These newly observed occurrence features of simultaneous H+- and He+-band EMIC emissions provide improved information to quantify the overall contribution of multi-band EMIC waves to the loss processes of radiation belt electrons.
Segregation distortion (SD) is a frequently observed occurrence in mapping populations generated from crosses involving divergent genotypes.
The previous work revealed a preference for the occurrence of 3-m plasma irregularities in summer, in contrast with the often observed occurrence during equinox that is reported in the present study.
For daily variations, there is a relatively good correlation between the observed occurrence days and the days with a large R-T growth rate, although there are some periods of disagreement.
The relationship between the predicted and observed occurrence of species combinations is presented in Figure 8, which shows the number of traps with insect combinations found as a function of those expected on the basis of probability.
Earlier this year, NASA reported that the Swift telescope had detected dual black holes, that is, a supermassive blackhole at the center of a galaxy located extremely close to another galaxy with a blackhole at its center--a rarely observed occurrence.
