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The interobserver correlation coefficient of neointimal thickness or distance and area between the variability of two observers using a two-way mixed model, in which patient effects were random and observers' effects were fixed, was 0.982 955% CI 0.977 to 0.986) and 0.993 955% CI 0.982 to 0.997).
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"The Daubert/Kumho Implications of Observer Effects in Forensic Science" by D. Michael Risinger, Michael J. Saks et al. D. Michael Risinger, Michael J. Saks, William C. Thompson, and Robert Rosenthal, The Daubert/Kumho Implications of Observer Effects in Forensic Science: Hidden Problems of Expectation and Suggestion, 90 Calif.
Incredibly, this 1991 incident is one of the more benign observer effects uncovered by Patrick Tierney in "Darkness in El Dorado".
We argue that it is important to account for and understand the role of both local and nonlocal observer effects, since both can significantly affect outcome.
We provide phase diagrams that compare various trade-offs, including observer effects, which further highlight the utility of biosensor architectures that favor intermolecular over intramolecular binding.
This was done to limit external variables and limit random error to more precisely study machine and observer effects between devices.
Many factors are known to influence BBS counts including environmental effects, species effects, and observer effects.
Observer effects also may be introduced with a change in observer on a route over time due to inherent differences in observers' detection abilities [52].
To reduce observer effects, the observers switched plots between occasions.
Observer effects were also not controlled when humans were present.
The fixed observer effects of our full model revealed that systematic differences between observers exist.
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