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All trials were immediately monitored and scored by a trained observer, using the software program Observer 5.0 (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands).
Hence, the robot can be defined as an observer using the signal detection theory.
The proposed approach is based on the high gain observer using the discretization of the PBE's (Population Balance Equations).
Femoral bone deficiency was graded by a single observer using the AAOS classification system using preoperative AP and lateral radiographs [7].
Primarily, a suitable observer using the recursive algorithm is presented for an accurate estimation of external disturbances caused by the varying external force.
That is, one sequence was assessed five times by each observer, using the pair of HDTV A and HDTV B, the pair of HDTV B and HDTV C, and the pair of HDTV C and HDTV A, etc.
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On the weekend after their trial was over, The Observer used the by-now iconic pictures of the two 22-year-olds as an eye-catching addition to its table of contents.
The observer uses the cylinder pressure measurement during the compression stroke to estimate the enclosed mass.
The H∞ Luenberger observer uses the biohydrogen flow rate measured at the reactor output to estimate the glucose and the biomass concentrations inside the reactor.
The observer uses the carbon dioxide (CO2) production and the pressure drop (DP) (on line measurements) as input information.
The observer uses the turbocharger torque balance as a dynamic term and the static turbo map as a static term.
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