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It addresses an increase of productivity in the control group that did not receive an intervention as a consequence of increased attention of the observer of the study to this group [ 18].
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We used digital pictures of faecal pools in order to include a larger number of observers so the study would be more representative.
Limitations are intra-observer design of the study and the lack of comparison with computer-assisted methods, which would result in more objective measurements of breast density, slightly higher agreement values, and the possibility of obtaining a measure of density percentages as a continuous variable.
All investigations were performed in a blinded manner, i.e. the observer was unaware of the study group the animal belonged to.
Reliability studies are frequently organized within the context of a large (multicenter) study, with only a small sample of subjects measured by the observers of the large study.
All observers were unaware of the study design.
But some observers are skeptical of the study's methods and results.
The observers were unaware of the study design and specifically that the prevalence of emphysema was a primary focus of the study.
Pilcher was a particularly active observer of the German army, studying their military methods and attending German army manoeuvres.
After each interview, the interviewer and the observer met three authors of the study (MEP, MF and CH) in order to discuss the comments expressed by the participant.
Sixty-three seniorthopaedicdic residents and orthopaedic surgeons started to evaluate 26 radiographs on the platform (www.shoulderelbowplatform.com), of which 40 observers finished the study (63% of the initial responders).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com