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In such circumstances the ability to reduce the system to observable or observer form is a useful first step to observer design.
Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented under which a discrete-time autonomous system with outputs is locally diffeomorphic to an output-scaled linear observable system or an output-scaled nonlinear system in the observer form.
This is often expressed in an ideal observer form (the sage, perfect human, or 天 tiannature:sky's dào).
Moreover, an adaptive observer form is derived which can be utilized in designing the reduced order state observer.
Assuming state and output noise, all of them are identified in parameter-varying observer form using prediction error method.
We exploit this property to synthesize an observer form which enables the use of Luenberger/Kalman-like linear observers for nonlinear estimation.
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These observer forms lead to straightforward observer designs.
In this paper, we introduce an extended quadratic transformation to put Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems in particular observer forms.
This paper shows that a perspective system can be transformed to two observer forms, and provides constructive methods for arriving at the transformations.
The responses from relatives, staff and the field observer formed three separate composite indexes (see Table 1 for details).
The responses from relatives, staff and the field observer formed three separate summary indices (see Table 1 and Additional file 1: Appendix).
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