After the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses in 1957, 1968, and 2009, existing seasonal viruses were observed to be replaced in the human population by the novel pandemic strains.
In areas of overlap between S. mansoni and S. haematobium in Egypt, for example, S. mansoni has been observed to be replacing S. haematobium and at least in this focus S. mansoni appears to be competitively dominant (Adel-Wahab et al. 1993).
Exemplifying this is the observation of positively charged amino acids that were observed invariantly to replace solvent exposed residues located within the HF and PH domains (i.e., Glu108, Trp432, Glu433, and Gly434), which provides strong evidence for the electrostatic nature of the perturbing effect of those mutations on SOS1 functional dysregulation.
The eyewall was observed to fall apart and be replaced by another eyewall with a larger radius.
This line of thought is developed somewhat further in an unpublished manuscript where Feuerbach observes that, in order to replace religion, philosophy must itself become religion in the sense that "it must, in a way suited to its own nature, incorporate the essence of religion or the advantage that religion possesses over philosophy" (NV, 123/148).
However, after about 2 weeks of operation, a rapid increase in salt passage was observed which made it necessary to replace the membranes with a new set.
In the latter, the dominant species predicted according to the Section (Predicting the dominant species using ALS) were used to replace those observed in the field and used for model fitting (Section Modelling the species-specific volumes).
But, as Russell observes, all this does is to replace one description with another.
The lower 95% confidence bound of the BMD (BMDL) has been suggested to replace the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) (Crump 1984; U.S. EPA 1995).
