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The Italian weevil, Bagous rufimanus, feeds within the fruit stems and might be more damaging at higher than observed population levels.
For example, in a paper for Physical Review with Hekstra as first author, Leibler's team observed population dynamics in the closed systems and tried to separate real trends from random fluctuations by measuring the average dynamics of the system.
This study, published in 2002, also estimated the total species population and observed population densities.
We also calculate relative mature mortality, Mm, expressed as the fraction of deaths in percentage of mature (dead+surviving) observed population in the period studied (1965 2003).
We also estimate relative total recruitment, Nt, expressed as the fraction of new in percentage of total (dead+surviving+new) observed population in the period studied (1965 2003).
If only 90% of the birds in intensively surveyed units are observed, population estimates will on average be 90% of the actual population.
In their present form, our data on population changes do not allow us to separate observed population change into changes in local abundance or in geographic range.
Insulin dose was analyzed in the ITT observed population.
This was further corroborated by the good match between the predicted and observed population stage-structure.
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This raises the possibility that the same gene complexes may also contribute to variation in previously observed population-level differences in personality traits, in particular when interacting with the larger environmental context.
Observed population-specific M-ratio values ranged from 0.670 to 0.898, and most (12/13, except Pyo) were lower than the corresponding Mc values (Table S3).
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