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Here we present a comparison of the observed option bias against a sampling distribution bootstrapped by randomizing the observed data.
Bates [8] was first to use constrained cubic spline fitting to interpolate an arbitrage-free option price function from the observed option price transactions data.
It is highly unlikely that the observed option bias for successful manipulations in this task arose by chance under asocial (individual) learning alone.
We repeated this procedure 10,000 times to generate a null distribution, and calculated the p-value as the proportion of the null distribution that was greater than or equal to the observed option bias statistic.
We calculated a χ2 value as a measure of the observed option bias for each task (henceforth the "option bias statistic"), from a contingency table of the number of manipulations for each option per group, using a null expectation of an equal number of manipulations for the two options calculated for each group (see Supplementary Material, Table S1).
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Figure 4 shows how the observe option is used to get up-to-date resource states.
In all cases, we found out that the existing observe option results in excessive number of packets (most of them unimportant for the client) and higher power consumption.
When superficial alterations are observed, one option that a stone carver has to extend the lifetime of the historical material is to use a plastic mortar.
To avoid transmission of unwanted notifications to clients, the authors of this paper have proposed a new CoAP option 'Condition' as an extension to the Observe Option in order to support conditional observations [15].
One of those extensions is the observation of resources through the use of the Observe option.
In this paper, we presented the concept of conditional observations as an extension to the CoAP protocol in general and the Observe option in particular.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com