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Our sample size was adequate to identify an approximate doubling of risk for the outcomes under study relative to the range of serum measures; however, the study may lack sufficient power to find a more modest effect with the observed exposure levels.
The US EPA's study of children and adults in North Carolina and Ohio (Morgan et al., 2008) and a study of children in Tailand (Panuwet et al., 2009), both observed exposure levels to be at or below 1 ppb.
Because an epidemiologic study may fail to detect an exposure response relationship for several reasons (e.g., a small range of observed exposure levels or exposure misclassification), the absence of an exposure response relationship does not exclude a causal relationship.
Using the low-dose threshold models with a flat dose response below the lowest observed exposure levels, the BMDL results for the linear curve were about 5-fold higher than for the non-threshold curve (Table 3).
Similar(56)
Statistically significant responses were observed at exposure levels (∼0.4 μg/cmuchmuch lower than typically reported in vitro using traditional submerged/resuspended techniques.
The control populations maintained an average vitality of 89%; however, significant reductions in vitality were observed at exposure levels as low as 1.0 W/kg (p<0.01) (Figure 2A).
This association was observed among exposure levels that have been considered to be without adverse effects and these levels are common in U.S. adults.
However, Bull et al. (2002) have noted that DCA-induced liver tumors have been observed at exposure levels for which DCA cannot be detected in vivo.
The increased fat mass in prenatally exposed mice was observed at exposure levels likely to be encountered by the general human population, according to the investigators (no actual data exist for human exposure to TFZ).
In this review, recent studies are discussed that permit some evaluation of short-term health effects observed at exposure levels lower than the current WHO Guidelines or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) standards.
An apparent effect of arsenic was observed at low exposure levels, < 50 µg/L in urine.
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