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We aimed to shift reimbursement from high- to low-cost patients by setting a tariff for group B that was slightly higher than the average observed cost.
This observed cost of colicin carriage has been observed in prior studies of colicin biology (Feldgarden and Riley 1999) and suggests that, in the absence of competition (which would overwhelm the cost of plasmid carriage), there is a strong selective pressure acting to reduce the impact of the colicin plasmid's presence.
The observed cost variation for different schemes of IVF cycles applied resulted in a difference in average cost per cycle, with the lowest one observed in Ukraine ($732 per cycle) and the highest one in Belarus ($1,607 per cycle).
The latter was used to depict the impact of these parameters in the observed cost.
In addition, the denominator depicts the difference between the observed cost of DMU o, i.e., cx o and cx I.
The weight (w^{l}) represents contribution of the observed cost of period l (that is the total cost of exogenous inputs consumed by all processes of subsystem l) to the observed cost of all periods (total cost of the multi-period system).
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*In line with the text, observed costs and survival incorporate predicted values beyond the observed intermediate endpoints, they are labeled as 'observed' values because they reflect the effects of the observed intermediate endpoints.
A long-time insurance executive, her last corporate stint was a senior innovation partner with Mercer, Koo saw an opportunity to blend the rise in data into the insurance business, particularly in Asia where she observed costs skyrocketing.
Explanations of self-selection costs in terms of self-enhancing biases are not able to account for the fact that we observed costs in one trait evaluation but not the other.
Second, the prices that hospitals are paid for their activity are also based on average observed costs [ 43].
Observed costs for haemorrhagic events were the highest among different forms of stroke, although this variable did not explain costs variability in the regression model.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com