While we did not observe conditional effects on song variability in adult birds, other labs have documented rapid effects of social context on the variability in fundamental frequency (FF) [39].
Similarly, for K biological networks, the probability that we observe them conditional on the observed labels follows as (12) P (H 1, …, H K | x, θ 1, … θ K ) ∝ ∑ k = 1 K e β k N 10 k + γ k N 11 k + N 00 k.
The second term is P x, x″, π gh ∣π x 1= s g, π x L = s h, θ) for the local parse tree and its associated sequence residues (both observed and unobserved) conditional on local parse tree endpoints at states s g, s h.
Because families were ascertained on the basis of multiple affected family members, we modelled the RL of observing family genotypes conditional on family disease phenotypes.
In order to account for non-random ascertainment of mutation carriers with respect to their disease phenotype, we used a retrospective likelihood approach that models the probability of observing the genotypes conditional on the disease phenotype [ 19, 20].
In the designs where I≠ D the probability of observing the definitive outcome was not conditional on observing the intermediate outcome.
This fraction can be used to approximate the probability of observing a prehistoric sample with zero or one derived allele, conditional on observing 144 derived alleles in the extant sample.
In conditional Pcdh15Δ'CD2 mice, very few tip-links were observed on OHCs on P30, and none were detected by P45; these links were consistently observed in littermate controls at the same ages.
In the E-step, an expectation is taken with respect to β conditional on the observed data y and the previous estimates of (σ2, s), and an objective function depending only on (σ2, s) is obtained.
Conditional on observed data, the probability of data being missing does not depend on unobserved data.
