For convenience, true and observed benefit and true and observed risk are shown on the same graph in Figure 1, but this should not be taken to imply that observed risk and observed benefit occur simultaneously for the same outcome.
Comparing the observed benefit distribution to a counterfactual distribution of perfect equality, a moderate to high level of inequality is found.
Concomitant heparin use seems to suppress this observed benefit.
This observed benefit highly exceed the increased monitoring costs in our trial.
The mechanisms responsible for this observed benefit, however, are difficult to identify.
The observed benefit in the secondary outcomes of TTP and ORR warrants further investigation [ 91].
We have considered an additional mechanism to our observed benefit of E/S/L-supplementation in the Lady mouse.
One of the reasons for this lack of observed benefit might be our timing of the Posttest time period.
This model of carcinogenesis suggested an alternative hypothesis for the observed benefit in reducing breast cancer risk.
Therefore, statin's observed benefit in our study is potentially additive to standard-of-care controller inhaler therapy.
Thus, observed benefit from biologic therapy in the community represents the incremental benefit of adding biologic therapy.
