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The five human observers, j∈{1,2,3,4,5}, were asked to estimate observed attention level of the students during lecture on the scale 1..5 with a time granularity of 1 s.
The relation between learning gain and observed attention was studied in our previous paper by Burnik et al. [27].
The comparison between the originally observed attention graphs and the baseline reveals the following key phenomenon of the attention dynamics.
All models were trained on the three different training datasets denoted as A, B, and C. The datasets are composed of two parts, set of seven features computed from Kinect data for attention prediction, and reference observed attention data.
The observed attention shift might also potentially be driven by a general allostatic response to a noise stressor, albeit a specific effect among a suite of more general changes in activity.
Table 1 Relation between observed attention levels and observable behaviors Attention level (l) Behavior Low (1) Medium (3) High (5) Writing, A w (l) 0.0 0.05 0.52 Yawning, A y (l) 0.26 0.0010.001 Supporting head, A s (l) 0.21 0.61 0.11 Leaning back, A b (l) 0.41 0.16 0.12 The values represent rate of time the behavior was present during the periods with the specific attention level.
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As in the previous experiment, there was a significant effect of attention, with larger underestimations observed when attention was distributed across the visual field, F 2, 20) = 11.87, p <.001.
In light of these observations, it would be also interesting to determine whether the oscillatory patterns in the gamma band associated with orienting attention to external perceptual representations can also be observed when attention is oriented to internal representations in WM.
Classic studies of object-based attention also suggest that attention takes time to shift from attended to unattended locations and/or objects [35], and time-consuming shifts of attention have been assumed more or less explicitly to underlie the costs observed when attention is captured by sudden onsets [36], [37].
Thus, the current findings suggest that the oscillatory mechanisms underlying attentional orienting to representations held in WM are similar to those observed when attention is oriented in the perceptual space.
There is no evidence of such a thing as a vacation; Dmitri Nabokov observed, "Her attention span for pure amusement was quite limited".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com