The more flexible models allow for the treatment of repeated observations problem common to stated preference data and provide a better fit to the data, although willingness-to-pay results remain almost invariant.
The more flexible ML models also allow to treat the repeated observations problem common to SP data and, as expected, gave a better fit to the data in all cases.
Most methods dealing with the large p (number of covariates) small n (number of observations) problem have dealt only with continuous traits, but there are many important traits in livestock that are recorded in a discrete fashion (e.g. pregnancy outcome, disease resistance).
This approach was tested on various space plasma observation problems.
The proposed formulation is applied to the disturbance observation problems for multivariable nonminimum-phase systems with arbitrary relative degrees.
This paper investigates the observation problem for a class of MIMO non uniformly observable systems in the presence of sampled and delayed outputs.
The observation problem is dealt with by designing a high-gain type observer.
The solution of the H2-optimal state observation problem with unknown inputs straightforwardly comes by duality.
In multiphase induction motor drive, the observation problem arises especially for rotor flux that is not accessible for measurement.
