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All the while – and this is crucial – Williams displays the observational sensitivity and subtleness of less wayward masters of the genre.
However, since these measurements are hindered by spatially-varying foreground noise, the observational sensitivity can be improved considerably by finding the region of sky cleanest of foregrounds.
The fixed camera positions, which provided a somewhat limited and at times obstructed view, likely decreased observational sensitivity, but the level of detailed video review likely increased specificity.
The fixed camera positions, which provided a somewhat limited and at times obstructed view, and periodic problems with recording due to signal, power or computer issues likely decreased observational sensitivity.
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Topics for the course will include the potential outcomes framework for causal inference; randomized experiments; methods for controlling for observed confounders in observational studies; sensitivity analysis for hidden bias; instrumental variables; tests of hidden bias; coherence; and design of observational studies.
Using simulation, it has been confirmed that if we use SSR instead of DSR for the observational parameter, larger sensitivity can be expected, with the relative error of c w against 1% of measurement error being 50% of its a priori value.
However, the beneficial effect disappeared after excluding observational studies in sensitivity analysis, which was in agreement with our results.
Although there was no standardized tool to assess the quality of non-randomized and observational studies, the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the results were stable.
34 We originally planned to include observational studies in sensitivity analysis because we expected that the randomised controlled trials would be too small or have insufficient follow-up.
In addition, the analysis of an observational study investigates the sensitivity of conclusions to hidden biases of plausible magnitudes.
Fig. 5 Sensitivity of observational parameters to dust model parameters.
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