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Design: Prospective observational design.
An observational design was used.
Design: A prospective, 2-group, observational design.
The study was a comparative, observational design.
A cross-sectional, observational design was applied.
The observational design of the study means it can only show an association, rather than cause and effect.
We chose a single-center, retrospective, observational design.
The observational design of our study also precludes causal conclusions.
"The results should, however, be interpreted cautiously given the observational design of our study".
Due to the observational design, primarily descriptive statistics were used: means, standard deviations, and frequencies.
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Design: A cross-sectional observational design was used.
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