The high level of correlation between the women's and observers' assessments further supports the validity of the systematic observational approach to measure the quantity and quality of intrapartum support.
Earth observation from airborne or space borne platform is the ideal observational approach capable of providing data at the relevant scales and resolution required to extrapolate findings of in situ (field) studies to larger areas, to document the heterogeneity of the landscape at the regional scale and to connect these findings into a global view (Schaepman 2006).
Gonzalez-Rubio claimed this immersive, observational approach was an equivalent to Kerouac's writing style: "I slept the way [my subjects] slept, in a hammock.
Those who study social structure do, however, follow an empirical (observational) approach to research, methodology, and epistemology.
Despite these adept challenges to conventional thinking, Glassner's chapters often suffer from out-of-date material and a loose observational approach based on what sometimes seem like personal hunches.
In "Wonderland," he adopted a casually observational approach, filming the quotidian routines and mishaps of his characters with a hand-held camera as they struggle through the weekend, making a hash of their attempts to communicate with each other.
"Hopkins 24/7" pays homage to Mr. Wiseman's subtle, observational approach, but it is part of a more recent trend that combines cinema verite with the conventions of dramatic narrative.
Mr. Judge's ability to inhabit opposing perspectives with empathy and humor is a hallmark of his observational approach; his latest series, "The Goode Family," gently lampoons do-gooding liberals much as "King of the Hill" fondly ribs compassionate conservatives.
Back in May, BBC 4 showed Pol Pot's Executioner, about Comrade Duch (Kaing Guek Eav), and this week More 4 showed The Redemption of General Butt Naked, taking an observational approach to a notorious Liberian militia leader who now goes by the name of Evangelist Joshua Milton Blahyi.
This week, "Boxing Gym," the latest film by Frederick Wiseman, who practices a kind of ultravérité (though he disdains the term) will open in limited release, and serve as a reminder of just how much life is left in this rigorous, nonintrusive, observational approach to reality.
Andrea Arnold's current "Fish Tank" is only the latest example of work that continues to draw on Rossellini's open, observational approach, which mixed location filming with studio sets, professional actors with amateurs asked to play variations on themselves, and screenplays that were not set in stone, Hollywood style, but roughed out in advance and improvised on the spot.
