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Preservation of function in demyelinated perforin-deficient mice, as compared to demyelinated perforin-competent mice, was apparent by stride length and footstep positioning (Figure 1J-L), by open-field video analysis (Movie S1), by runway video analysis (Movie S2), and by direct observation of posture (Figure S2).
The second part of the evaluation, "examination of retractions", is based on observation of posture in the standing position.
These results are corroborated by the low level of reliability of these indices in our study and in previous reliability studies on visual observation of posture [ 33- 35].
Except for knee flexum index, our experts (before consensus) had similar percentage of agreement results as those reported by Watson and MacDonncha [ 26] for qualitative observation of posture indices.
Agreement between PTs and experts for visual observation of posture from photographs is also good for 19 out of 23 posture indices (ICCs from 0.78 to 1.00, see Table 4, third column).
The percentage of agreement and Kappa coefficients (K) for the visual observation of posture from photographs are provided in the middle column of Table 4 for PTs and for the two experts before consensus.
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Photographic observations of ideal posture have been ranked visually or simple equipment such as a tape measure, penciled landmarks and a plumbline, have been used [ 4, 5].
We used our method to reaffirm that observation of the mandible posture of two ants engaged in trophallaxis is a good predictor for the direction of food flow.
A questionnaire and direct observations of working postures using the rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) method were used.
Observations of riders postures focused on hands and legs actions, considered as the most prone to induce potential stress ([5]) (Fig 1): Hands height: high (elbow angle <80°), middle (elbow angle [80° 100°]) and low (elbow angle >100°).
The analysis was performed to distinguish between sub-tasks and for simple visual observation of the whole body postures and movements commonly occurring during water carrying.
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