Process data were collected through observations of lessons, attendance records, and interviews with participants and staff.
Observations of lessons were undertaken five hours per week over a period of nine months in 2008.
There were minimal observations of lessons that explicitly integrated across STEM concepts with only two triads both integrating math and science concepts, one triad asking students to use measurement and another integrating science only.
The third kind of process information is qualitative, arising from 58 in-depth teacher interviews (conducted with at minimum, the teacher responsible for sex education in each school), observations of lessons with 41 teachers (in 15 schools) and numerous ethnographic notes (from all schools).
By way of example, casual observation of classroom lessons shows a plethora of knowledge sources, such as books, photocopies, posters, white/blackboard, video and audio recordings.
Drawing upon observations of lesson study planning and debriefing sessions as well as classroom instruction, researchers examined the three teachers' adoption of professional teaching knowledge for problem-based historical inquiry following three yearlong lesson study cycles.
Praetorius et al. (2014) recently showed for the observations of instructional quality of mathematics lessons in secondary school that the observation of nine lessons would be needed to generate reliable and valid conclusions on the level of cognitive activation.
Analysis of observation of the lesson, students' products, and post-lesson focus groups suggested that the lesson was successful in eliciting engagement in identity exploration among many, albeit not all, students.
Based on observations of 2,000 lessons, visits to 41 schools and school performance data, the report found staff in some non-selective schools did not know who their most able pupils were.
It provides the advantage of parallelised measurement intervals, which may also be easily combined with observations from the videography of lessons, and leads to hierarchical data structures with several measurements nested in students.
