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If the immigration process is associated with positive skill selection, then we should observe the following: (i) superior observable skill-linked attributes among first-generation immigrants relative to the skill distribution of their country of origin and (ii) assuming a high intergenerational correlation of status, above average education among second-generation black immigrants.
The observable skills of first- and second-generation immigrants provide evidence of positive selection (Table 3).
The returns to observable skills are higher in Finland than in Sweden.
Experience and education are the main observable skills that affect hourly wages in the labor market.
The identifying assumption is that unionized fathers are not more ' able' parents than nonunionized fathers with similar observable skills.
Lewis (1986) and much subsequent work, demonstrates that wages vary substantially with union status, even after controlling for observable skills.
In other words, people who are atypically more likely to start a for-profit business given their observable skills are also more likely to start a nonprofit enterprise.
We find evidence that the selection patterns in observable skills change over time from positive selection in 1990 toward negative selection in 2010.
People who are atypically more likely to start a for-profit business given their observable skills are also more likely to start a nonprofit enterprise, and vice versa.
In any event, we are assuming, as in Shea (2000), that unionized fathers (and their spouses) are not more ' productive' as parents than non-union fathers with similar observable skills.
First, we show that the degree of selection in observable skills among return migrants has changed over time (i.e., from positive selection in 1990 to negative selection in 2010).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com