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Gender differences in labor force participation of intermarried immigrants are explained by observable selection and birthplace fixed effects.
Immigrant and spousal observable characteristics and characteristics of the marriage are included to account for the couple's observable selection into marriage type and market labor.
Accordingly, a sensitivity analysis using propensity-score matching, which can control observable selection bias and render the two treatment cohorts more comparable, was conducted to test the robustness of the estimated outcomes.
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However, most methods for calculating Ka and Ks use homologous genes for estimating substitution rates among closely-related species or within close lineages, and observable selections are mostly negative.
Previous research shows that there are little significant gains for immigrant males, and penalties for women, upon controlling for observable and unobservable selection.
However, the positive selection observed along select lineages in the FoxA and FoxO cluster indicate more recent or observable continuing functional divergence.
I attempt to control for reverse causality and self-selection by using matching techniques that are able to account for observable characteristics but ignore selection on unobservables.
For example, previous studies indicate that women are positively selected and that men show intermediate selection on observables (Chiquiar and Hanson 2005).
In this paper, we focus only on selection on observable characteristics.
However, the pseudo-R2 values are relatively small, indicating that selection on observable characteristics is quantitatively weak.
The second part of the AET method consists of using the degree of selection on observable characteristics to set a bound for the degree of selection on unobservables.
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