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As expected, the SG6043 airfoil produces more power but the approximately 2% difference is not as large as the difference in the lift to drag ratio shown in Figure 1 and may not be observable in practice.
The hypothesis is that each fracture belongs to one of several real clinically relevant classes, which may be theoretically defined, but not directly observable in practice.
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Therefore, a PSF is observable (though in practice there will always be some noise and other imperfections), unlike the IKs.
Moreover, its NPV approached 100% at the 3 5% cancer prevalence observable in clinical practice.
Our model also adjusts for changes in observable practice area characteristics over time.
If the model turns out not to be completely identifiable, identifiability may be recovered by extending the set of observables, however this may not be accessible in practice.
Furthermore, we characterise the potentially inhibiting role of perceived uncertainty in ongoing interactions and elucidate further sources of systematic variation in observable communicative practices.
As a consequence, in practice, these processes are usually not observable nor detectable and most state observation and control techniques cannot be applied.
In practice, however, they differ also in a number of observable and unobservable characteristics.
However, in practice, the signal (bar {boldsymbol {s}}) is not observable.
In practice, we find that only gauge-invariant quantities are observables, and this seems to rescue us.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com