Clark et al. explain that researchers need to go beyond the surface of observable factors (the actual), to explore what is happening underneath (the real).
It's time for a new or revised benchmark — an emperor clothed in actual, observable market transactions — to restore the confidence of Americans that the rates at which they borrow and lend money are set honestly and transparently.
When logic is said, for instance, to be the study of the laws of thought, these laws cannot be the empirical (or observable) regularities of actual human thinking as studied in psychology; they must be laws of correct reasoning, which are independent of the psychological idiosyncrasies of the thinker.
"It is time for a new or revised benchmark – a healthy benchmark anchored in actual, observable market transactions – to restore the confidence of people around the globe that the rates at which they borrow and lend money and hedge interest rates are set honestly and transparently," Mr. Gensler said in prepared remarks that he delivered via video from Washington.
"It is time for a new or revised benchmark — a healthy benchmark anchored in actual, observable market transactions — to restore the confidence of people around the globe that the rates at which they borrow and lend money and hedge interest rates are set honestly and transparently," Mr. Gensler said.
Note that the phenomena relevant to a theory's empirical adequacy are all actual observable phenomena (1980, 12).
The difference between Equations 1 and 2 is that Y i in Equation 1 is an observable variable (or actual variable) while Y i in Equation 2 is an unobservable variable (or latent variable).
If the actual, observable trends — that 0.6 degrees C rise in temperature, in this case — mirror what happens in the model with human activity but not without it, then that means human activity is likely responsible for the trend.
"It is time for a new or revised benchmark - a healthy benchmark anchored in actual, observable market transactions," Gary Gensler, the chairman of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission that fined Barclays $200 million, told members of the European Parliament.
Standards may not be clearly defined with a paucity of actual observable behaviors evaluated [ 29].
