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This obligation encompasses the application of the principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement in experimental design and conduct, not only for ethical and humane reasons, but for scientific integrity as well.
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To the extent that our moral obligations encompass not only our relations with other human beings in general but also our relationships with particular others our friends, families, fellow citizens, and so on loyalty will be partially constitutive and sustaining of these particular others in contexts in which narrow or short-term self-interest is likely to be better served by abandoning them.
This is particularly problematic because, for the Argentinean context, the mandatory reforms posed new obligations on the families not on the government: conceptually, universal encompasses the governmental obligation of ensuring educational supply for every child, while it does not entail for the families any obligation.
These requirements mainly encompass the obligation under Section 13D of the Exchange Act for a person or group of persons acquiring 5 percent or more of the voting shares of a public company to disclose that holding within 10 days of exceeding this threshold.
Evangelos Venizelos, leader of the socialist Pasok party, appeared to be referring to Golden Dawn when he said: "We have an international obligation... to have all-encompassing legislation against pro-Nazi and violent racist behaviour.
That obligation might in certain circumstances also encompass a duty actually to 'provide' such information.
Therefore the support availability scale was broadened with the addition of new items aimed at encompassing social capital concepts of trust, obligation and sanction [ 61].
Each tenure type encompasses a different set of rights and obligations for rural households and guarantees a different level of security.
If we acknowledged what should be obvious — that much constitutional language is broad enough to encompass an almost infinitely wide range of positions — we might have a very different attitude about the obligation to obey.
No obligation.
Contractual obligation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com