When the Security Council adopted Resolution 827 on 23 May 1993, it exercised its powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, in the form of Article 29 of the Statute, to obligate states to cooperate with the ICTY in its investigations and prosecutions.
Biotrophic lifestyle includes a continuum from facultative to obligate states (Kemen and Jones 2012; Spanu 2012).
For example, the United Nations Office of the High Commission for Human Rights suggests that human rights treaties already obligate states to "aim for universal access to at least a basic level of social rights" [ 73].
Making registration easier — for example, by obligating states to identify and register eligible voters or by allowing voters to update their registrations online — would also make a real difference.
It also raises the previous standard by obligating States to ensure that members of their armed forces under age 18 do not take direct part in combat.
Further, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women obligates states to ensure to all women in and outside of prison appropriate services for pregnancy, including adequate nutrition [ 50].
Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) obligates states to ensure equitable access to a minimum set of health services, while General Comment 14 (GC 14) identifies a broader range of actions required for the progressive realization of this right [ 91].
Article 13 (Public Health Response) of the IHR(2005) obligates States Parties to develop, strengthen and maintain the capacity to respond promptly and effectively to public health risks and emergencies of international concern as soon as possible but no later than five years from the entry into force of the regulations [ 1].
A combination of experimental data and mathematical modeling demonstrated that these differing levels of IRF4 decide B cell differentiation by controlling the duration of an obligate transcriptional state promoting Ig diversification: high IRF4 levels shortened this state and favored fast transmission to the plasma cell state.
Releasing this report will obligate the state to acknowledge the plight of Afghanistan's victims of repression, impunity and war.
