Exact(2)
When objects of innovation are merely helpful, but not indispensable to reach an intended outcome, as is the case with most of agricultural innovation, the basic needs doctrine loses strength.
Depending on sales and licensing practices, exclusive rights can hinder access to objects of innovation that could secure such essential rights as the human rights to health and food (ICESCR, art. 11 and 12).
Similar(58)
Some objects of innovations are covered by a large number of patents.
Further, objects of innovations in the life sciences not only satisfy consumers' wishes, but often are necessities for the avoidance of hunger and disease.
As long as an object of innovation is necessary to ensure subsistence society can make claims on it, this counts also for objects that become available in the future.
The link between the object of innovation and the intended outcome has to be strong, e.g. as far as health is concerned a medicine has to be crucial to recover from a disease.
In order to be able to apply for intellectual property protection the object of innovation has to be stable and uniform to meet the industrial application requirement for patentability (TRIPS, art. 27.1) or to qualify for plant breeders' rights (International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 1991, art. 5.1).
Its research object is the process of innovation on a macroeconomic level, which involves the implementation of new ideas to achieve desired social and economic outcomes (Hall 2005).
Additionally, the paper reviews the existing literature on the main objects of study in financial innovation and groups the findings under four main concepts.
We refer to this as an object-based research approach since it relies mainly on the identification of different and isolated objects of study in financial innovation and the development of detailed models of investigation.
We argue that the existing approach, which relies on isolated objects of study of financial innovation, is likely to lack several of the theoretical connections and complexities that are essential to understanding and managing financial innovations; thus, making it difficult for a single general theory of financial innovations to emerge.
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