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The intersection of these two kinds of explanations with five objects of explanation defines 10 areas of work in the field.
The above six objects of explanation are not necessarily all-inclusive; however, specifying the object of explanation carefully can help prevent mistakes.
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Answering the sort of questions posed by inquisitive students noted above presents challenges in defining the object of explanation precisely and specifying the type of explanation being sought.
The first task is to specify the object of explanation.
The difference becomes clear only if the object of explanation and kind of explanation sought are described explicitly.
The object of explanation can be a universal trait, such as bilirubin, or it can be traits that differ, for instance, versions of certain genes.
An appropriate object of explanation is more often a shared trait that leaves almost all members of a species or a subgroup vulnerable to a disease.
Likewise, the frequency of pathogen genes is a fine object of explanation because it changes in response to laboratory manipulations (Lenski 1998).
The first challenge is to specify whether the object of explanation is a trait universal in the species or variation in a trait (Q1).
This review also documents the prevalence of confusion arising from failure to specify the exact object of explanation, and it provides a useful taxonomy of evolutionary explanations for alleles that cause disease (see Table 2).
While an appropriate object of explanation is always something that can be influenced by evolution, this does not necessarily mean natural selection; mutation, drift and migration need full consideration.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com