This evidence base can be strengthened with additional prospective studies that incorporate objectively measured aspects of sleep.
Future intervention studies should incorporate objectively measured outcomes: for example, a study using Geographical Information System (GIS) and accelerometers (Coombes et al., 2014) was able to show that children attending schools with a more supportive local environment were more likely to maintain active travel behaviours than those with less supportive environments.
Longitudinal investigations incorporating objectively quantified time spent sedentary and in MVPA, as well as television viewing time, can provide novel insights into whether, and to what extent, changing these behaviours will independently impact cardiometabolic risk.
Self-perceived health is more inclusive and provides additional information by incorporating both objectively measured and subjective assumptions of health risk [ 31].
Incorporate personal experience objectively: Explain what may happen, what may go wrong, what is recommended, etc. Clarify a tricky step in the process from experience without making personal references, so not: "I had to adjust my___", but rather "Adjust your__".
Increasingly, studies are incorporating biomarkers to objectively assess tobacco exposure (Al-Delaimy et al. 2001; Caraballo et al. 1998, 2004; Hecht et al. 2001; Klein and Koren 1999; Knight et al. 1996; Mannino et al. 2002, 2003).
Objectively assessed walkability in other studies incorporate three or four built environment characteristics (eg, land use mix, residential density, street connectivity and retail floor area) that are commonly associated with transportation walking.
However, there are few studies of sedentary behaviour that incorporate both self-reported and objectively assessed built environment correlates within the same analysis.
Objective activity indices have also been created that incorporate these findings in order to objectively monitor patients' renal disease and response to therapy, but these tools are more useful for clinical studies and do not replace the clinician's assessment.
