This practice is marked with changes in production objectives from subsistence to market orientation.
Traditionally, camels have been managed in nomadic systems characterized by subsistence production objectives and mobile herds in search of pastures, water and mineral licks in the vast rangelands of the ASALs.
Data included farmer address, role (owner or other), level of education (no school up to primary, post-primary), gender (male, female), farming experience (0 2, 3 5, >5 years), membership to farmer-organization (no, yes), main objectives of farming (commercial, subsistence or mixed) and location of the household by Global Positioning System (GPS).
The main objective of this paper is to assess paleodiets and subsistence patterns in hunter-gatherer groups of the eastern Pampa-Patagonia transition during the Middle Holocene (ca. 6000 4100 years BP).
Assessing household possessions can provide a more objective measure of SES than estimated household income in subsistence economies or when all household members are not included in financial decision making [ 58, 59].
The objective was to determine landscape use patterns, and changes in subsistence related to the complex population dynamic that occurred during the mid- to late-Holocene.
Our objectives are to evaluate the opposing interpretations of the hominid subsistence activities at the site proposed by Freeman and Binford.
To conclude, the use of a per capita yield and profit incomes analysis provides relevant, objective, and practical policy advice for the management of small-scale and subsistence fisheries where alternative livelihood options may be limited.
Simply stated, this unvarying objective is the coordination of the individual activities associated with provisioning activities that range from providing subsistence foods in hunting and gathering societies to administrative or financial tasks in modern industrial systems.
The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice.
