There is renewed emphasis on continuing applications of the 3Rs – replacement (of animals with alternative methods), reduction (in the numbers of animals used to achieve scientific objectives) and refinement (in experimental design, techniques and husbandry to minimise adverse effects and improve welfare).
In 1959, Russell and Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique in which they stated that all animal experiments should incorporate, as far as possible, the 3Rs: replacement (of animals with alternative methods), reduction (in the numbers of animals used to achieve scientific objectives) and refinement (of methods to minimise animal suffering) (Russell and Burch, 1959).
It is a common sense that the numerical results will not be objective upon mesh refinement if the strain softening behavior of the constitutive model is not associated with a localization limiter or characteristic length.
The refinement of objective space leads to a fast selection from optimal solutions and finally the selected optimal solution improves the cubage coefficient and the absolute value with the minimum pressure coefficient through a small penalty in the located position of minimum pressure coefficient.
And both the two cases obtain objective results with mesh refinement.
The refinement analyses (objective 1) will be conducted using data from the first 1500 patients; the validation of the refined version of the PSS (objective 2) will be performed using data from the subsequent 1500 patients.
In doing so, we explored interactions between different sets of objectives, determined whether refinements to the existing spatial arrangement of MPAs were necessary, and tested the utility of existing MPAs by comparing their cost effectiveness with an MPA system designed from scratch.
In the present investigation, it was attempted to design the rolling pass schedule for a thick plate of 0.1C 1.5Mn 0.25Si with the objective of the austenite grain refinement.
More attention should be paid to the coordination control of both strip shape and other quality indexes, and the refinement of control objective should be strengthened too.
In the future, more attention should be paid to the coordination control of both strip shape and other quality indexes, and the refinement of control objective should be strengthened.
Breast cancer surgery is also undergoing continuous refinement, with the objective being to achieve optimal cosmetic results.
