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Since the objective real world probability measure is not precisely known and financial models can, at best, be useful but idealized simplifications of reality, robust approaches to model ambiguity are relevant to advance the theory.
To this end, let us assume, just for the remainder of this subsection, that we have neither ambiguity about drifts nor about volatility, and let us consider, just as a starting point, one arbitrary probability reference measure Q P,θ from ( mathcal {R}) to be the objective real world measure for the standard (non-robust) good deal problem of valuation and hedging.
These scores provide an objective real world measure of academic performance.
These scores provide an objective real world measure of academic performance and were obtained by data linkage with the National Pupil Database.
Scientific information is neutral and unbiased since it reflects and describes the objective real world in a specific form using specialized concentrated language.
We conclude from these findings that CSv has a preference for full-field 2D planar motion, with a small preference for planar objective (real) motion compared with planar retinal motion.
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Telemetric feedback from accelerometers may soon give trainers on the sidelines a more objective, real-time perspective on the abuse that each player is suffering, which could prove valuable in quickly diagnosing concussions.
Future research should assess FB use with objective, real-time data and use experimental designs.
E-diaries and accelerometers promise more objective, real-time measurements of health behavior.
This paper considers the design of the multiple objective real-time scheduling problem of a multiple-part-type production system.
To achieve the study objective, real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) tests were performed on a typical multi-span continuous girder highway bridge under various earthquake ground motion intensities.
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