In the microscope and telescope the objective acts as the aperture, its image is the exit pupil, and all light reaching the objective passes through the exit pupil.
The fluorescence image is magnified by the objective, passes through the dichroic, and is focused by a condenser lens (L2, f = 100 mm) onto a CCD camera (Hamamatsu Orca R2, Hamamatsu City, Japan).
Emitted fura fluorescence was collected by the 40× objective, passed through a 510 nm filter and detected by a photomultiplier tube.
The fluorescence was collected by the same objective, passed through the pinhole, reflected on a diffraction grating, and passed through a slit set to transmit in the range 500 600 nm.
The backscattered light was collected by the trapping objective, passed through a holographic notch filter and a confocal system with a 100- μm pinhole.
The backscattered laser light from the specimen was imaged through the objective, passed through D1, reflected by D3 and imaged onto a camera (A641f, Basler Vision Technologies, Germany) with a zoom lens (ZOOM 7000, Navitar Inc., New York, NY).
The scattered radiation is collected through the objective lens, passes through an edge filter that cuts off Rayleigh scattering, and via a second optical fiber is fed into a compact spectrograph, equipped with a concave grating, which provides spectral coverage in the range of 100 3200 cm−1 at a spectral resolution of about 10 15 cm−1.
Insertion of an annular filter in the miniature objective that passes visible light, but blocks infrared light so as to decrease the aperture stop size for OCT imaging is one possible solution for realizing this goal.
Fluorescence was collected by means of a Nikon ×100, 1.4NA oil immersion objective and passed through a quad-band pass dichroic filter (97335 Nikon).
Fluorescence signal was collected by the objective lens, passed through a 0.5 Airy unit pinhole, split by a dichroic mirror (650 nm long-pass), bandpass filtered (FF01-685/40 for 640 nm excitation or FF01-582/75 for 532 nm excitation, both from Semrock), and detected by avalanche photodiodes.
CONDENSER - [condensador] the glass lens used to focus the light beam onto the objective lens, passing through the specimen.
