Suggestions(2)
Exact(6)
E.g., where 'a' is any object term and 'P' is any 1-place relation term, ∀xPx → Pa ∀FFa∀FFa → Pa (The corresponding principle, Existential Introduction, for the existential quantifier, i.e., φ → ∃αφ, is derivable).
If our second-order language were extended to include the primitive predicates 'O' and '>' and the primitive object term '5', then the above instance of the Comprehension Principle for Concepts would be an axiom (and hence, theorem) of second-order logic.
In such a case, the object term of the base assertion is used for the classification of the nonalignment.
The first is to add an is_a link from the object term of the base assertion to the object term at the superclass level (or, in the case of multiple object terms at the superclass level, to at least one of the object terms).
We propose that three ways to resolve an identified nonalignment are the addition of an is_a link between the object terms, the removal of an is_a link between the subject terms and the upward propagation of the object term to the superclass level.
The remaining four nonalignments are analogous to the example seen in Figure 4, in which the subject and object terms should not be aligned; rather, the third type of resolution should be undertaken, in which an object term should be added to the higher-level assertion such that the lower-level assertion is subsumed, as seen in Figure 5.
Similar(53)
However, this presupposes that not only such a more basic ontology but the required specific object terms exist.
Conversely, in the example illustrated in Figure 2, the subject terms (protein binding and histone binding) are more complex than the object terms.
The links from the subject terms to the object terms can be represented as necessary and sufficient existential (i.e. someValuesFrom) conditions.
(The nonalignments we identify all consist of subject terms that are subsumptively linked and object terms that are not subsumptively linked).
The single gathering, to which usually a unique 'field number' or 'collecting number' is assigned, is a data object termed 'field unit' (35).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com